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A devotee has the name of Hindu god Rama written on his forehead during a religious procession to celebrate Ram Navami, a Hindu festival marking the birth anniversary of Lord Ram, in Hyderabad, India, Sunday, April 10, 2022. India’s hardline Hindu nationalists have long espoused an anti-Muslim stance, but attacks against the minority community have recently occurred more frequently. In Madhya Pradesh state’s Khargone city, the festival turned violent after Hindu mobs brandishing swords and sticks marched past Muslim neighborhoods and mosques. (AP Photo/Mahesh Kumar A., File)
Hindus participate in a religious procession to mark the Hanuman Jayanti festival in Hyderabad, India, Saturday, April 16, 2022. India’s hardline Hindu nationalists have long espoused an anti-Muslim stance, but attacks against the minority community have recently occurred more frequently. In many cases, hate-filled and provocative songs that are blared through speakers during Hindu festivals have become a precursor to this violence. (AP Photo/Mahesh Kumar A.)
A man watches a YouTube video of singer Laxmi Dubey in Prayagraj, in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, India, India, Thursday, April 21, 2022. Last week, Dubey performed some of her hits before a Hindu gathering in central India's Bhopal city. In one song, she exhorted a cheering crowd of Hindus to "cut off the tongues of enemies who speak against Lord Ram," videos from the event showed. Hate-filled and provocative songs that are blared through speakers during Hindu festivals have become a precursor to violence against Muslims. (AP Photo/Rajesh Kumar Singh)
Nawab Khan stands by the entrance of his shop vandalized by a mob on April 10 in Khargone, in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, Tuesday, April 12, 2022. On April 10, a Hindu festival marking the birth anniversary of Lord Ram turned violent in Khargone after Hindu mobs brandishing swords and sticks marched past Muslim neighborhoods and mosques. Videos showed hundreds of them dancing and cheering in unison to songs blared from loudspeakers that included calls for violence against Muslims. (AP Photo/Kashif Kakvi)
The body of Ibris Khan, 28, who went missing on April 10 during violence in Khargone and found a week later, is carried on a stretcher outside a mortuary in Indore, the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, Monday, April 18, 2022. On April 10, a Hindu festival marking the birth anniversary of Lord Ram turned violent in Madhya Pradesh state’s Khargone city after Hindu mobs marched past Muslim neighborhoods and mosques. Videos showed hundreds of them dancing and cheering in unison to songs blared from loudspeakers that included calls for violence against Muslims. (AP Photo/Kashif Kakvi)
FILE- A woman holds a placard during a protest against the killing of a Muslim man last Sept. in Belagavi district of the southern Indian state of Karnataka, in Bengaluru, India, Tuesday, Oct. 5, 2021. India's history is pockmarked with bloody communal violence dating back to the British partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. But religious polarization has significantly increased under Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Hindu nationalist government, with minority Muslims often targeted for everything from their food and clothing style to inter-religious marriages. (AP Photo/Aijaz Rahi, File)
Muslim student Ayesha Anwar, 18, unable to attend school because of a statewide ban on the hijab in classes, chats with her friends at a cafe in Udupi, Karnataka state, India, Feb. 24, 2022. India's history is pockmarked with bloody communal violence dating back to the British partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. But religious polarization has significantly increased under Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Hindu nationalist government, with minority Muslims often targeted for everything from their food and clothing style to inter-religious marriages. (AP Photo/Aijaz Rahi, File)
A devotee has the name of Hindu god Rama written on his forehead during a religious procession to celebrate Ram Navami, a Hindu festival marking the birth anniversary of Lord Ram, in Hyderabad, India, Sunday, April 10, 2022. India’s hardline Hindu nationalists have long espoused an anti-Muslim stance, but attacks against the minority community have recently occurred more frequently. In Madhya Pradesh state’s Khargone city, the festival turned violent after Hindu mobs brandishing swords and sticks marched past Muslim neighborhoods and mosques. (AP Photo/Mahesh Kumar A., File)

Hindu mobs played songs that called for violence as the fury against Muslims began. It ended with Muslim neighborhoods that looked like a war zone, with broken glass, charred vehicles and burned mosques.

On April 10, a Hindu festival marking the birth anniversary of Lord Ram turned violent in the city after Hindu mobs brandishing swords and sticks marched past Muslim neighborhoods and mosques. Videos showed hundreds of them dancing and cheering in unison to songs that called for violence against Muslims.

Police said groups of Hindus and Muslims began throwing stones at each other. Muslims were left disproportionately affected by the violence. Their homes and shops were set ablaze. Mosques were burned. Dozens of families were displaced overnight.

"Our lives were destroyed in just one day," said Hidayatullah Mansuri, a mosque official.

Hardline Hindu nationalists have long preached violence against Muslims in India, and it was the latest in a series of attacks. Songs about Muslims have become a way of preparing for these attacks.

They are part of a reference to the color associated with the Hindu religion and favored by Hindu nationalists. Many such songs call for the killing of Muslims and those who do not support the Hindu nationalist movement that seeks to turn India into an avowedly Hindu nation.

For some of the millions of Indian Muslims, these songs are the clearest example of rising anti-Muslim sentiment in the country. They fear that hate music can be used by Hindu nationalists to target them.

"These songs make open calls for our murder, and nobody is making them stop."

The body of a Muslim was found seven days after the violence in Khargone. P said something. She didn't say whether anyone who played the provocative songs was among the people arrested for rioting.

India has a history of bloody communal violence dating back to the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. Under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Hindu nationalist government, minority Muslims have been targeted for everything from their food and clothing style to inter- religious marriages.

The creators of these songs see them as a form of devotion to their faith and a mere assertion of being a proud Hindu.

India is a Hindu nation and my songs celebrate it. "What's wrong with that?" asked singer Sandeep Chaturvedi.

The most provocative song played before the violence was by Chaturvedi. Those who wear skull caps will bow down to Lord Ram if that song is sung by Hindus. It goes on to say that Hindus will show Muslims their rightful place with their word.

The lyrics are not hate-filled or provocative for Chaturvedi, a self-avowed Hindu nationalist. They signify the mood of the people.

Every Hindu likes my songs. He said it brings them closer to their religion.

The assessment is partly true. Despite the tacky production quality, poorly matched lip-syncching and repetitive techno beats, many of the music videos for these songs have millions of views on YouTube and are a hit among the country's Hindu youth.

Music in a variety of languages has historically been an important part of Hinduism. A key part of the tradition is the devotional music performed in temples and homes. Observers say that the rise of Hindu nationalism has encouraged a more aggressive form of music.

The hate songs were first harnessed in the early 1990s by Hindu nationalists through audio cassettes that were set to the tune of popular Bollywood music, which helped them appeal to younger listeners. The beginning of that decade saw a violent campaign by India's right wing that led to the demolition of a 16th-century mosque in central India by a Hindu mob, catapulting Modi's party to national prominence.

The songs have become a time-tested trope of Hindu nationalists insulting Muslims and provoking them into responding.

Most mob attacks against Muslims follow a similar pattern. A large procession of Hindus enters Muslim neighborhoods and plays hate speeches and songs which inevitably escalates into communal violence. The songs are played in front of mosques to get a response from Muslims, according to a writer who has written about major riots in India.

During Hindu festivals, the songs have become common and are not limited to the fringe.

T. Raja Singh, a lawmaker from Modi's party, led a procession of Hindu devotees in the city and belted out a song that made references to the removal of Muslims from the country. He was charged with hurting the religious feelings of people.

Similar songs called for Hindus to kill those who don't chant "Jai Shri Ram!" or "Hail Lord Ram!" At least one person is dead in Gujarat state after a wave of violence.

The demand for these songs keeps rising.

A Hindu gathering in central India was attended by the singer Laxmi Dubey, who performed some of her hits. In one song, she exhorted a cheering crowd of Hindus to cut off the tongues of enemies who speak against Lord Ram.

The same song was played in New Delhi on Saturday. TV broadcasts showed hundreds of Hindu youth, brandishing swords and homemade handguns, marching through a Muslim neighborhood as loud music blared.

She said in a phone interview that her music was accepted.

She said that it is what people want.

There is a

The Associated Press writer contributed to the report.

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