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A truck dons the symbol Z, which represents support for the war in Ukraine, seen in a Moscow suburb, on March 14, 2022. (The New York Times)
A truck dons the symbol Z, which represents support for the war in Ukraine, seen in a Moscow suburb, on March 14, 2022. (The New York Times)

The English teacher on the Russian island of Sakhalin in the Pacific showed an uplifting video to her eighth- grade class that included children singing about a world without war.

A group of girls stayed behind after she played it and questioned her about her views.

Dubrova told them thatUkraine is a separate country.

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One of the girls shot back.

The police came to her school a few days later. She heard a recording of that conversation in court. A $400 fine was handed down by the judge for publicly defaming Russia's armed forces. She said that the school fired her for immoral behavior.

Dubrova said in a phone interview that they have all plunged into some kind of madness.

With President Putin's encouragement, Russians who support the war against Ukraine are starting to turn on their enemies.

The episodes show the building paranoia in Russian society. The citizens are condemning one another in an eerie echo of Stalin's terror, spurred on by vicious official rhetoric from the state and enabled by far-reaching new laws that criminalize dissent.

There are reports of students turning in teachers and people telling on their neighbors at the next table. The owner of a computer repair store in a mall in western Moscow was arrested by the police after a passerby reported that the store displayed a "no to war" sign. The furor over suspected pro-Western sympathies at the public library erupted after a library official mistook the image of a Soviet scholar on a poster for that of Mark Twain.

In the western region of Kaliningrad, authorities sent residents text messages urging them to give phone numbers and email addresses of provocateurs. The website was launched by a nationalist political party.

The member of Parliament behind the website said in an interview that he was sure that a cleansing would begin. He said that they don't want anyone to be shot, and they don't want people to go to prison.

The history of mass execution and political imprisonment in the Soviet era and the denunciation of fellow citizens encouraged by the state loom over Russia. In a speech on March 16, Putin said that Russian society needed a self-purification in which people would spit out traitors and scum.

Those who choose not to report their fellow citizens could be seen as being suspect.

Nikita Petrov, a leading scholar of the Soviet secret police, said that fear is returning to people.

In March, Putin signed a law that punishes public statements that conflict with the government line on what the Kremlin considers its special military operation in Ukraine. The Kremlin said that it was a necessary measure because of the information war against Russia.

According to the OVD-Info rights group, prosecutors have already used the law against more than 400 people, including a man who held up a piece of paper with eight letters on it.

The head of OVD-Info's legal department said of the absurdity of some of the war: "This is some kind of enormous joke that we, to our misfortune, are living in." She said that she had seen a rise in the number of people reporting on their fellow citizens.

She said that they are done by the regular citizens.

Bayeva said that fines are the most common penalty, though some were sentenced to as many as 30 days in jail. Some people are being threatened with longer prison terms.

In the western city of Penza, another English teacher, Irina Gen, arrived in class one day and found a giant on the chalkboard. The letter was painted as an identifying marker on Russian military vehicles in Ukraine and the Russian government has promoted it as a symbol of support for the war.

Gen told her students that it looked like a swastika.

She was asked why Russia was being banned from sports competition.

Gen said that it was the right thing to do.

A girl said that they don't know all the details of the war.

Gen, 45, said that you don't know anything at all.

A recording of that exchange appeared on a popular account on Telegram that often posts inside information about criminal cases. She was warned by the Federal Security Service that her words blaming Russia for the bombing of a maternity hospital in Mariupol were a criminal case.

She is being investigated for causing grave consequences under a new law that could lead to up to 15 years in prison.

Gen quit her job this month because she found little support from her students or school. When she talked about her opposition to the war in class, she felt like she was being watched by some of her students.

She said in an interview that her point of view did not appeal to most people.

Some people who have been the target of denunciation drew more hopeful lessons from the experience. One of Dubrova's former students raised $150 in a day for her, before Dubrova told her to stop and said she would pay the fine herself. The money was handed over to the dog shelter.

In Moscow, Grachev, the computer repair store owner, said it was remarkable that not a single customer threatened to turn him in for displaying the "no to war" text on the screen behind the counter. He noted that he had to double the price of some services because of Western sanctions, angering some of his customers. Many people thanked him.

He said that the man who turned in Grachev was a passerby who warned his employees that they were violating the law. Grachev said he believed the man was doing his civic duty by reporting the store to the police and that he probably didn't have access to information beyond state propaganda.

Grachev was fined a lot of money. The bank details of Grachev were written about by a Moscow politician on social media. Enough money to cover the fine arrived within two hours.

He said that he received 250,000 rubles from about 250 donations, and that he would donate the surplus to OVD-Info, which provided him with legal aid.

He said in an interview that not everything is bad.

Grachev is thinking about how to replace his sign. There was a 100,000 ruble fine imposed on a sign.

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