The black hole paradoxes could be solved by using space-time.
The black hole information paradoxes refers to the fact that information cannot be destroyed in the universe, and yet when a black hole eventually evaporates, whatever information was taken up by this vacuum cleaner should have vanished. The study suggests that the paradoxes could be solved by nature&s ultimate cheat code: wormholes or passages through space-time.
Kanato Goto, a theoretical physicist at the RIKEN Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences Program in Japan, said in a statement that a wormhole connects the interior of the black hole and the radiation outside.
Goto believes that a second surface appears inside the event horizon of a black hole, the boundary beyond which nothing can escape. The surface of the black hole is connected to the outside world by threads from a wormhole.
At first, he didn't realize the giant problem he had created, but in the 1970s, he discovered that black holes aren't exactly black. Black holes were thought to be simple before his discovery. The black holes kept all the information away, never to be seen again.
In a process now known as Hawking radiation, black holes release radiation and can eventually evaporate. The event horizon of a black hole prevents information from leaving. When a black hole disappeared from the universe, where did all the locked-up information go?
There were 4 Stephen Hawking theories that turned out to be correct.
There is a black hole. Information can be destroyed, which seems to violate everything we know about physics. If information can be lost, you can not reconstruct the past from present events or predict future events. Physicists try to find a way for the information inside the black hole to leak out through the Hawking radiation. The information is still present in the universe when the black hole is gone.
New physics is required to describe this process.
Goto said that general relativity and quantum mechanics are inconsistent with each other.
In 1992, physicist Don Page was a graduate student of Stephen Hawking. He looked at quantum entanglement, which is when distant particles have their fates linked. The quantum mechanical connection between the black hole and the Hawking radiation is acting. The amount of information contained in the entangled Hawking radiation was measured by Page.
In the original calculation, no information escapes, and the entanglement entropy always increases until the black hole disappears. Page found that if black holes release information, the entanglement will grow and then decrease as the black hole ages, meaning all the information inside the black hole has been escaped.
If black holes allow information to escape, then something special has to happen around the halfway point of their lives. Physicists got something juicy to work on from Page's work. If they could give black holes a midlife crisis, that would resolve the paradoxes.
Several teams of theorists have been applying mathematical techniques borrowed from string theory to examine this problem. They were looking at how space-time near an event horizon might be more complex. How complex? Any sort of bending and curving at the smallest scale is possible.
Their work resulted in two surprising features. Thequantum surface was just below the event horizon. The amount of information leaving the black hole is moderate because of the interior surface. Initially, it doesn't do much. When the black hole is halfway through its life, it begins to dominate the entanglement, reducing the amount of information released.
The calculations showed the presence of a lot of them. The information could be released as Hawking radiation if the quantum extremal surface was connected to the black hole.
Highly simplified versions of black holes were only applied to the previous work. With Goto's work, the same result has been applied to more realistic scenarios, which brings this work closer to explaining reality.
There are many questions. It is not clear if the wormholes that appear in the mathematics are the same wormholes that we think of as a quick way to travel time and space.
It is difficult to determine their physical meaning because they are buried in the math. On the other hand, it could mean that there is a thread in and out of a black hole. It could be a sign that space-time near a black hole is nonlocal, which is a hallmark of entanglement, because two entangled particles don't need to be in contact in order to influence each other.
Physicists have identified a possible mechanism to relieve the paradoxes, but they don't know how it actually works. There is no known process that can actually take the information inside a black hole and put it in the Hawking radiation. Physicists have built a road to solve the information paradoxes, but they haven't found a way to build the trucks that travel down that road.
The basic mechanism of how information is carried away by the radiation is not known.
It was originally published on Live Science.
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