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Holly Nover sits with her son, Colton Nover, 10, on a backyard swing at their home Wednesday, Feb. 16, 2022, in St. Johns, Fla. Holly, a speech pathologist active in the National Stuttering Association, said many people will surely be interested in trying stuttering medications – although not her. She is happy with her life as it is and has accepted her stuttering, she said. If her son were struggling and wanted to try medication as a teen, however, she’d be open to the idea. (AP Photo/Fran Ruchalski)
Colton Nover, 10, plays football with his younger brother on their front lawn Wednesday, Feb. 16, 2022, in St. Johns, Fla. Colton has an issue with stuttering as does his mother. Stuttering has been documented as far back as ancient China, Greece and Rome. But no one really had any idea what caused it until modern genetic science and brain imaging began providing clues. (AP Photo/Fran Ruchalski)
Colton Nover, 10, works on a report for school with his mother, Holly Nover in their kitchen Wednesday, Feb. 16, 2022, in St. Johns, Fla. Both mother and son have an issue with stuttering. University of Delaware speech disorder researcher Ho Ming Chow says, “We know stuttering has a really strong genetic component,” Though several genes may be involved and the exact genetic causes may vary by child, “they probably affect the brain in a similar way.” (AP Photo/Fran Ruchalski)
Holly Nover sits on a backyard swing at her home Wednesday, Feb. 16, 2022, in St. Johns, Fla. Nover grew up trying to hide her stutter. “I was very self conscious,” said the 40-year-old St. Johns, Florida mom, whose 10-year-old son also has a speech impediment. “So I developed habits to switch my words so it wouldn’t be noticed.” (AP Photo/Fran Ruchalski)
Colton Nover, 10, plays ball with his 12-year-old dog Charlie in his backyard Wednesday, Feb. 16, 2022, in St. Johns, Fla. Colton has an issue with stuttering as does his mother. (AP Photo/Fran Ruchalski)
Colton Nover, 10, laughs with his mother, Holly Nover, in their kitchen Wednesday, Feb. 16, 2022, in St. Johns, Fla. Holly, a speech pathologist active in the National Stuttering Association, said many people will surely be interested in trying stuttering medications – although not her. She is happy with her life as it is and has accepted her stuttering, she said. If her son were struggling and wanted to try medication as a teen, however, she’d be open to the idea. (AP Photo/Fran Ruchalski)
Holly Nover sits with her son, Colton Nover, 10, on a backyard swing at their home Wednesday, Feb. 16, 2022, in St. Johns, Fla. Holly, a speech pathologist active in the National Stuttering Association, said many people will surely be interested in trying stuttering medications – although not her. She is happy with her life as it is and has accepted her stuttering, she said. If her son were struggling and wanted to try medication as a teen, however, she’d be open to the idea. (AP Photo/Fran Ruchalski)

Holly was trying to hide her stutter.

The mother of a 10-year-old with a speech impediment said she developed habits to switch her words.

People have feared being judged for stuttering for hundreds of years because it is often seen as a psychological problem caused by bad parenting or emotional trauma. At the science conference on Saturday, research was presented on genetics and brain differences.

We're going to decrease the stigma by understanding the biology. One of the speakers said in a recent interview that they are going to increase the acceptance. He is involved in testing potential medications for stuttering based on the science.

70 million people stutter, including President Joe Biden, who has spoken publicly about being mocked by classmates and a nun for his speech impediment. He said it was one of the hardest things he had ever done.

His struggle came to the fore when he met a New Hampshire teen who stuttered. After his dad told him about Biden, he wanted to shake hands. They talked for an hour.

It has been difficult living with a stutter, and it was even more difficult when he cried after getting caught on words in class.

He said that he wanted to carry on what Joe Biden said to him.

Why do people gossip?

As far back as ancient China, Greece and Rome,uttering has been documented. Modern genetic science and brain scans gave clues as to what caused it.

The first genes linked to stuttering were identified a decade ago. In the last few years, University of Delaware speech disorder researcher Ho Ming Chow started looking at 3- to 5-year-olds, and he was able to see the brains of adults and older children. Around the age when many kids begin stuttering, 80% of them grow out of it.

The brain scans show slight differences in the brains of children who stutter and those who never stutter. He talked about his research at the conference.

The thalamus, a relay station that sorts sensory information to other parts of the body, and the corpus callosum, a bundle of fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain, were found to be associated with genetic defects related to stuttering. The brain structures involved in coordination of movement have been linked to stuttering.

We know that stuttering has a strong genetic component. Several genes may be involved and the exact genetic causes may vary by child, but they probably affect the brain in a similar way.

Evan Usler stutters, and he likened it to wrist spasms during golf. The latest evidence shows that it is a disorder of the cognitive control over speech.

If they just tried harder, they could stop stuttering.

We have a long way to go to change these beliefs.

Moving forward with acceptance.

Speech therapy is used for stuttering treatment. The medicines currently being tested could be approved for stuttering in the next few years, according to the man who stuttered since childhood.

Studies suggest that stuttering may be related to excess levels of a chemical messenger in the brain called dopamine, and that some turn down dopamine activity or block its action in a particular way.

Many people will be interested in trying stuttering medications, but Nover is not one of them. She said she is happy with her life and has accepted her stuttering. She would be open to the idea if she were to try medication as a teen.

The 14-year-old wouldn't be.

He said taking medicine is taking away a part of you and your personality.

Without his stutter, he said, he wouldn't have set his sights on being a speech and language pathologist. He wouldn't have written a children's book to inspire others. He wouldn't have overcome the challenges that made him brave.

There is a

The Howard Hughes Medical Institute supports the Associated Press Health and Science Department. The AP does not accept responsibility for the content.

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