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As the novel coronavirus continues to spread, some countries are putting their citizens on various forms lockdown -though that's not a technical term used by public-health officials.
India, China, France, Italy, New Zealand, Poland, and the UK have implemented the world's largest and most restrictive mass quarantines.
More than 74,565 people have died and over 1,345,048 have been infected by the coronavirus worldwide.
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Countries around the world are implementing measures to slow the spread of the coronavirus, from national quarantines to school closures.
More than a third of the planet's population is under some form of restriction.
The World Health Organization, which has officially declared the outbreak a pandemic, has called on "all countries to continue efforts that have been effective in limiting the number of cases and slowing the spread of the virus."
While "lockdown" isn't a technical term used by public-health officials, it can refer to anything from mandatory geographic quarantines to non-mandatory recommendations to stay at home, closures of certain types of businesses, or bans on events and gatherings, Lindsay Wiley, a health law professor at the Washington College of Law, told Vox.
And coronavirus restrictions and legislation have already led to political unrest and major governmental changes. On Monday, the Hungarian parliament gave prime minister Viktor Orban the power to rule by decree for as long as he sees fit. The "coronavirus bill" has already faced pushback from the European Union.
Here are the countries and territories that have implemented mandatory mass quarantines and border closures so far.
The UK went into full coronavirus lockdown on March 23.
Ian Vogler/Pool via REUTERS
Prime Minister Boris Johnson said that citizens will only be allowed to leave their homes for essential work, exercise, and purchasing food or medicine. Citizens will only be allowed one form of outdoor exercise a day.
Gatherings of more than two people - excluding people who live together - will be banned, as will most ceremonies other than funerals.
"From this evening, I must give the British people a very simple instruction - you must stay at home," Johnson said.
Johnson is now hospitalized and in intensive care for the coronavirus.
On March 30, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban gained the power to rule by decree indefinitely and suspended elections.
The bill was passed 137 to 53 in parliament - while opposition asked for a time limit, but the prime minister's ruling party was able to pass through the bill without changes.
"At this point, Hungary is a full-on dictatorship. No if, ands, or buts. This was simply the last step in the process," Sheri Berman, a professor of political science at Barnard College and author of " Democracy and Dictatorship in Europe," told Insider's John Haltiwanger.
Business Insider's Ashley Collman reported that Orban has previously been scrutinized for his usage of governmental powers, such as announcing a 2015 state of emergency over mass migration from Syria. That state of emergency still has not ended.
On March 28, prior to the bill's passage, Orban put the country on a two-week lockdown, according to Reuters.
"This bill creates an indefinite and uncontrolled state of emergency and give Viktor Orbán and his government carte blanche to restrict human rights," David Vig, Amnesty International's Hungary Director, wrote in a press release. "This is not the way to address the very real crisis that has been caused by the COVID-19 pandemic."
Singapore closed schools and all nonessential businesses Tuesday.
Kim Kyung-Hoon/ReutersPreviously, Singapore had stood out as a leader in controlled pandemic measures, but the number of cases grew at a higher rate this past week, Variety reports.
"Furthermore, despite our good contact tracing, for nearly half of these cases, we do not know where or from whom the person caught the virus," Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said today. "This suggests that there are more people out there who are infected, but who have not been identified. And they may be passing the virus unknowingly to others."
Citizens should only interact with their family members and work from home if possible. Lee also said that the government will supply reusable masks to all households.
Dubai went into a two-week lockdown on Saturday night, while the rest of the United Arab Emirates have been under an overnight curfew since March 26.
REUTERS/Hamad I Mohammed
Residents will only be allowed out for essential purposes - and only one family member at a time is allowed to leave, according to US News & World Report.
It is forbidden to leave for exercise or even dog walks - and a police permit is required for every trip outdoors, according to CNBC.
Panama and Peru both implemented measures restricting days citizens could outside by gender.
Reuters
In Peru, men can leave their houses on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays; for Panama, those are the days women can leave.
In both countries, no one is allowed outdoors on Sundays.
Thailand began a 10 p.m. to 4 a.m. curfew on Friday. The country was already on a weeklong nationwide state of emergency.
Thomson Reuters
The only exceptions to the curfew will be for those seeking medical care or transporting goods, according to the Nikkei Asian Review.
The state of emergency is active until April 30, but could be extended; there's no date on when the curfew will end. Violators of curfew face up to two years in jail and/or a $1,200 fine.
Russia had a paid 'stay at home' holiday last week. On March 30, Moscow's residents were ordered to stay in their houses and will soon need passes for their movements.
Sputnik/Alexei Druzhinin/Kremlin via REUTERS
Russia also closed its borders and canceled any international flights, except for those bringing Russians home, CNN International reported.
On March 30, Moscow residents were ordered to stay at home - they can only leave to go to the grocery store or pharmacy, take out the trash, or walk their pets within 100 meters of their home, according to Bloomberg. Residents will be monitored. At least 27 other regions in Russia have followed Moscow's lead.
On March 31, bills with harsh punishments for quarantine rulebreakers were pushed through parliament, according to Yahoo News; those who break quarantine and infect others - or spread misinformation about the coronavirus - will face up to five years in jail.
South Africa went into a 21-day lockdown on March 26.
Reuters
Only essential businesses remain open, and soldiers and police are monitoring the streets, Al Jazeera reported.
"While this measure will have a considerable impact on people's livelihoods, on the life of our society and on our economy, the human cost of delaying this action would be far, far greater," President Cyril Ramaphosa said, according to Al Jazeera.
New Zealand enacted a mandatory 14-day quarantine for all individuals entering the country. The country went on full lockdown on March 25.
Hagen Hopkins/Getty Images
New Zealand went into a month-long national lockdown on March 25 as the number of cases in the country rose by almost 50%, the Guardian reported.
The lockdown will only be partially eased after a month if case trends slow.
"I say to all New Zealanders: the government will do all it can to protect you. Now I'm asking you to do everything you can to protect all of us. Kiwis - go home," New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern said, according to the Guardian.
Saudi Arabia locked down its capital and two holy cities on March 25. On March 29, it locked down the city of Jeddah. On April 6, it locked down all major cities.
Saudi Press Agency via Associated Press
Bloomberg reports that Ridayh, and the Islamic holy cities Mecca and Medina, are under lockdown. On Thursday, Mecca and Medina were put on 24 hour curfew, according to Al Jazeera.
Saudi Arabia already suspended international flights and closed mosques, schools, and restaurants; it also imposed a curfew.
After four more deaths due to coronavirus, Reuters reports that Saudi Arabia also locked down the city of Jeddah on March 29. On Saturday, a stricter curfew was enacted in seven neighborhoods in Jeddah - residents can only leave to go grocery shopping or get medical care from 6 a.m. to 3 p.m.
On Monday, major cities Riyadh, Dammam, Tabuk, Jeddah, Dhahran, Khobar, Hofuf, Al Qatif, and Taif were all put on 24 hour lockdown, Bloomberg reports. All nonessential businesses must close.
Minister for Hajj and Umrah Mohammed Saleh Benten also asked that Muslims delay preparations for July's annual Hajj pilgrimage.
Colombia began a nationwide quarantine on March 24, with people over the age of 70 told to remain indoors until May.
Reuters
The quarantine was expected to last 19 days, the BBC reported, but was extended to April 27 on Monday, according to US News & World Repor t.
One mass breakout attempt in a Colombian prison led to the deaths of 23 inmates, as prisoners held protests over crowding and health concerns.
India went into full coronavirus lockdown for 21 days on March 24.
Adnan Abidi/Reuters
The lockdown is the largest stay at home order yet, with 1.3 billion told to social distance, CNBC reported.
"To save India and every Indian, there will be a total ban on venturing out of your homes," Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi said, according to CNBC.
Some Indian leaders have been calling for an extension of the lockdown, Reuters reported.
Australia closed non-essential businesses on March 23. On March 31, the most populous state in the country was put into a stricter lockdown.
Cole Bennetts /Getty Images
On Tuesday New South Wales - the epicenter of Australia's outbreak - was locked down, Reuters reports. Anyone who leaves their house "without a good reason" faces fines or jail.
On March 24, new restrictions for the whole country were imposed after a national cabinet meeting, according to the BBC.
Prime Minister Scott Morrison said that he wanted to keep Australian schools open, but parents could keep children at home if they wanted.
"We are not putting in place lockdowns that put people in and confine them to their homes," Morrison said. "That is not a measure that has been contemplated at this point."
On March 31, Morrison announced further restrictions on businesses and gatherings, such limiting the size of weddings to five people and funerals to ten, the BBC reported.
The federal government said that it is safe for students to attend school through the rest of the term, but different states and territories are creating their own plans with a mix of distance learning and in-person instruction.
Indigenous communities and isolated towns are enacting their own lockdowns and restricting entry to outsiders, Bloomberg reports.
China implemented what was then the largest quarantine in human history to try to contain the coronavirus, locking down at least 16 cities at the end of January.
Getty Images
At its peak, China's quarantine spanned at least 20 provinces and regions, according to The Wall Street Journal.
Wuhan, where the virus first appeared, was locked down on January 23. For almost six weeks, the streets have been virtually deserted as Wuhan residents self-quarantine in their homes.
Soon after imposing restrictions on Wuhan, China locked down 15 other cities, including Huanggang, a city of 7.5 million people, and Suizhou, which is home to almost 11 million.
Earlier in the quarantine, some Wuhan residents faced food shortages, and grocery stores struggled to meet increased demand for home delivery.
According to WHO, China's containment measures prevented many more cases of the disease caused by the novel coronavirus.
"There's no question that China's bold approach to the rapid spread of this new respiratory pathogen has changed the course of what was a rapidly escalating and continues to be a deadly epidemic," Bruce Aylward, a Canadian doctor and epidemiologist who was recently sent to China as part of a delegation to inspect its containment efforts, told The New York Times on February 24.
One study, however, found that the travel restrictions in Wuhan only slowed domestic spread of the virus by three to five days because there were already cases in other cities at the time of the lockdown.
On March 18, China reported no new local cases for the first time since the outbreak began. According to CNN International, China will lift the lockdown on Wuhan on April 8.
Jordan has been under a strict indefinite lockdown since March 21, although the government eased some restrictions on March 25.
AP Photo/Andrew HarnikThe announcement was made on March 20 and the curfew began at with air-raid sirens at 7 a.m. on March 21, The Guardian reported.
Residents were not allowed to leave their homes, and the government was piloting a system for getting basics to citizens - like food and pharmaceuticals - according to The Guardian.
However, following four days of total lockdown, the government eased restrictions; citizens are now allowed to leave their homes for essential trips, according to CNN International. Previously, an emergency hotline was reportedly overwhelmed by calls, leaving some citizens without food.
Argentina went into a "preventative and compulsory" lockdown on March 21.
Andres Larrovere/AFP via Getty Images
Citizens are only allowed to leave their homes for essential services while police monitor the streets, the Buenos Aires Times reported.
The lockdown was set to end on March 31 but was extended to April 13 on March 29.
"We'll be absolutely inflexible in the enforcement," President Alberto Fernández said, according to the Buenos Aires Times. "This is an exceptional measure in an exceptional time, within the framework of what democracy allows."
On March 19, Israel went into partial lockdown - foreigners were already banned from entering the country. On March 25, restrictions tightened further. The country went into full national lockdown for Passover on Tuesday.
Reuters
The Hill reports that movement between cities will be restricted starting today, and citizens have to stay at home from Wednesday night through Thursday morning - the night of the first Seder. Travel restrictions will likely stay in place through Easter and Ramadan.
Under the previous restrictions, citizens could still leave to shop for food and medicine, but Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said orders could be tightened and will be regulated by police, according to Reuters.
"Under these orders, you, Israel's citizens, are required to stay at home. It is no longer a request, it is not a recommendation, it is an obligatory directive that will be enforced by enforcement authorities," Netanyahu said, per Reuters.
Starting last Wednesday at 5 p.m., Israelis were forbidden from leaving their homes except for a short list of permissible reasons, Haaretz reported, and nonessential businesses were closed. Citizens who want to go out and exercise must do so within 100 meters of their house.
On Thursday night, Bnei Brak, an ultra-orthodox town outside of Tel Aviv, was made into a "restricted zone," the BBC reports. Residents will only be allowed to leave on a case-by-case basis, and non-residents - other than those providing essential services - will not be allowed in. Almost 40% of residents reportedly likely have the virus.
Belgium went on lockdown on March 17. The government asked citizens to stay at home and limit contact to their closest family. On March 22, the lockdown was extended to April 19.
Francois Lenoir/Reuters
Residents' travel will be limited to "essential" visits to supermarkets, pharmacies, and banks or for cases of emergency, Prime Minister Sophie Wilmes said at a news briefing on March 17. Many stores had already closed as an isolation measure.
Belgium's Brussels Airlines will also suspend flights from Saturday, March 21, through April 19, according to Reuters.
On March 22, the lockdown was extended to at least April 19, according to Reuters.
On March 16, the European Union banned non-essential travel into the region for at least 30 days.
Johanna Geron/Reuters"The less travel, the more we can contain the virus," European Commission President Ursula Von der Leyen said. "We think non-essential travel should be reduced right now in order to not spread the virus further. Be it in the European Union or by leaving the European Union."
The ban will not include the United Kingdom, which left the EU.
"Europe has now become the epicenter of the pandemic," WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said on March 13.
Germany announced a shut down of shops, churches, sports facilities, bars, and clubs in 16 states. On Thursday, Merkel extended the lockdown to April 19.
REUTERS/Michele Tantussi
Chancellor Angela Merkel said that the measures were "drastic" and never-before-seen in Germany's postwar history.
"But we have to do this right now to reduce the number of contacts and with it the number of . . . serious illnesses, and so prevent our health system coming under excessive strain," she told reporters, according to The Financial Times.
On March 20, Bavaria became Germany's first federal state to go into full lockdown, Politico reported.
Last week, gatherings over two people were banned, and Bloomberg reported that lockdown measures will continue for at least another two weeks.
The Malaysian government announced on March 16 that all business operations will be closed except essentials like markets, utilities, broadcasting, banking, and healthcare. On March 25, the lockdown was extended by two weeks.
Lim Huey Teng/ReutersMalaysia has barred travel in and out of the country and shut down non-essential businesses.
The country had already canceled large gatherings and events through April.
"We cannot wait any longer until the situation becomes more acute," Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin said in an address, according to Bloomberg.
The lockdown was set to end on March 31, but on March 25 the prime minister extended it to April 14, according to the Bangkok Post. On March 30, hours for businesses were restricted.
The Czech Republic closed most shops and restaurants for 10 days and banned foreign travel starting March 16.
David W Cerny/ReutersGrocery stores, pharmacies, banks, post offices, gas stations, and takeaway restaurants were allowed to remain open under the new order, according to Reuters.
The country has closed schools and banned many public events.
"We need people to go to work but stay home afterwards," Prime Minister Andrej Babis said in a press conference. "Those [countries] who have managed to do something about the situation say... limit interaction among people."
Reuters reports that the government said Monday it was considering relaxing lockdown measures.
France closed nonessential businesses. On March 16 it implemented a full lockdown, banning public gatherings and walks outside.
Stephane Mahe/ReutersFrench President Emmanuel Macron said that the 15-day lockdown will prohibit any public gatherings and walks outdoors. He told French residents to take public transit only if absolutely necessary and to buy only essential groceries.
Macron added that people who violate the lockdown will be punished.
"We have seen too many people in cafes and restaurants. In usual times, this would make me happy. Because this is the France we all love. But for a few weeks, this is not what we should be doing," Prime Minister Édouard Philippe said in his announcement, according to CNN.
On March 27, France extended its lockdown past the original 15 days. According to Al Jazeera, the country will remain under lockdown until April 15.
Morocco suspended international flights on March 15 and has closed mosques, schools, and restaurants.
Youssef Boudlal/ReutersAfter days of announcing new flight restrictions for certain countries, Morocco placed an all-out suspension on international flights to and from its airports. As the country closed its borders, The Washington Post reports that thousands of international travelers have been stranded.
The government has also arrested at least a dozen people for spreading false coronavirus news, according to US News & World Report.
On March 15, Kenya closed schools and blocked non-residents from entering the country, and has closed pubs and restaurants.
Baz Ratner/Reuters"I want to assure you that my administration is at the forefront of managing this pandemic," President Uhuru Kenyatta said, according to Al Jazeera.
Al Jazeera also reported that Kenyans are being asked to maintain social distancing as the country edges towards a lockdown.
On Monday, Kenyatta banned travel in and out of four impacted regions for three weeks, including capital Nairobi, according to Al Jazeera.
Spain became the second European country to impose a nationwide quarantine on March 14. On Thursday, the lockdown was extended to at least April 12.
Jon Nazca/ReutersThe Spanish government ordered its 47 million residents to stay in their homes for at least 15 days, though that period could be extended, according to The Washington Post. The order allows people to leave their homes for work, the bank, medical appointments, and to buy essentials.
On Monday, restrictions were tightened further, with only essential workers allowed to go to work; everyone else is only allowed to leave to purchase food or medication, visit the sick, go to the hospital, or walk dogs.
Bars, restaurants, and hotels are closed across the nation.
"We have only one objective, which is to defeat the coronavirus," Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez said in a national address. "We are all on the same team."
On March 26, the lockdown was extended to last until at least April 12, Reuters reported. On Saturday, the lockdown was extended to April 25, The Local reports.
The country has had more than 13,798 deaths and 140,510 cases, both among the most worldwide.
Poland announced it would shutter businesses and prohibit international travel from March 13.
Grzegorz Skowronek/Agencja Gazeta via Reuters
Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki announced on March 13 that the country was "banning foreigners from entering the country as well as shutting all restaurants, bars, and casinos," the Daily Mail reported.
'The state will not abandon (its citizens)," Morawiecki said, according to The Mail. "However, in the current situation, we cannot allow ourselves to keep borders open to foreigners."
People from abroad entering the country will be subject to a mandatory 14-day quarantine.
Health minister Lukasz Szumowski said that all limitations being imposed would continue until April 11, according to The Independent.
However, the country will continue on with elections on May 10, which has raised concerns over both safety and fairness, according to Al Jazeera. The government is moving ahead with a plan to hold a postal election rather than delaying the vote, Bloomberg reports.
Kuwait went into a two-week nation-wide lockdown on March 13. On Monday, it extended the public holiday to April 26 and locked down two regions.
Stephanie McGehee/Reuters
The country banned all commercial flights, and prohibited citizens from going to restaurants and gyms, the New York Times reported.
On Monday, Mahboula and Jleeb al-Shuyoukh - two heavily populated areas - were put in a two-week "complete isolation," according to US News & World Report.
It's unclear when flights will resume. The country has imposed a partial curfew from 5 p.m. to 4 a.m., according to Bloomberg.
On March 27, Ireland went into a two-week lockdown.
Sean Gallup/Getty Images
On March 27, Ireland went into a two-week nationwide lockdown, The Guardian reports.
"I'm appealing to every man, woman and child to make these sacrifices for the love of each other ... show that you care for your family and friends: stay home," said Taoiseach Leo Varadkar.
On March 24, Ireland announced that it was closing non-essential shops, said restaurants and cafes could only do takeaway, and said all sport was cancelled.
Ireland had already closed all schools, colleges, childcare facilities, and cultural institutions on March 12, and later closed the country's pubs.
Norway went into a two-week lockdown on March 12, and on March 24 the government decided to extend the lockdown through Easter.
Manuel Balce Ceneta/AP
Prime minister Erna Solberg extended measures through Easter, the Local Norway reports. Schools are closed except for children of citizens in essential roles, like healthcare and transportation. Buffet restaurants remain closed, although regular restaurants can seat patrons at least one meter apart.
Anyone coming into Norway must go into quarantine, and healthcare workers assisting patients are not allowed to travel out of the country.
Norway had already closed ports and airports.
El Salvador's president announced an Alerta Naranja - an orange alert - on March 11.
REUTERS/Jose Cabezas
The orange alert measures include a national quarantine on the country's 6.4 million citizens. Schools are closed for three weeks, and Salvadorans returning home from abroad must undergo a 30-day quarantine.
The move also bars foreigners from entering the country and bans gatherings of more than 500 people, according to The Washington Post.
At the time of the orange alert, El Salvador had no confirmed cases of the coronavirus.
"I know this will be criticized, but let's put ourselves in Italy's shoes. Italy wishes they could've done this before," El Salvador President Nayib Bukele said in a national address on March 11, according to the Post. "Our health system is not at Italy's level. It's not at South Korea's level."
On March 30, crowds broke the lockdown to request aid from the government; police used pepper spray to disperse them, Reuters reports.
Denmark enacted a lockdown on March 11, which it has now extended to April 13.
Reuters
Originally, the lockdown was meant to end after two weeks, the New York Times reported.
It restricts assembly of over 10 people, and closed schools, restaurants, libraries, and other businesses.
The Local reports that the country will begin to ease its restrictions after Easter.
On April 15, primary and nursery schools will reopen, with companies reopening and resuming operations gradually, according to the Washington Post.
In Italy, a nationwide lockdown went into effect on March 10 that restricts virtually all aspects of life for its 60 million citizens, including retail, leisure, worship, imprisonment, and travel.
REUTERS/Antonio Parrinello
At least 132,547 people have been infected and 16,523 have died from coronavirus in Italy as of Tuesday.
Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte described the quarantine policy as "I stay home," according to the BBC.
Large sporting events, schools and universities, museums, cultural centers, swimming pools, and spas have been shut down throughout the country. While public transportation and airports are still operating, only essential travel is allowed, and those who want to travel for valid work or family-related reasons need police permission. All stores except for grocery stores and pharmacies are closed.
Mortgage payments have also been suspended, family members of prisoners are no longer allowed to visit, and healthcare workers were told to cancel vacations.
Many countries have also closed borders to prevent international travelers from spreading the virus.
These countries include:
Canada has shut its borders to anyone who isn't a citizen, a permanent resident, or a US citizen; while the country is not on full lockdown, Nova Scotia has gone into a state of emergency, and health officials are urging citizens to stay home.
Lithuania shut its borders on March 16 to prevent nearly all foreigners from entering, and to prevent most Lithuanians from leaving the country, with the exception of business trips. Both Lithuania and Latvia have closed schools.
The Maldives is subjecting all passengers travelling to the country by air to a 14-day quarantine - with the exception of tourists checking in to resorts. Some tourists have found themselves under lockdown in resorts.
North Korea has shut down airline flights and train service with neighboring countries, and established quarantines for recent travelers.
Qatar stopped all incoming flights to the country and shut down shops in main commercial areas. On Wednesday, it extended the flight suspension.
Slovakia closed its borders to non-residents on March 15, and banned public events.
Ukraine closed its borders for foreign citizens on March 17, after the first death from the virus within the country. The government has closed public institutions and limited transportation. The lockdown may be tightened in coming days.
Croatia is on partial lockdown and have been told to avoid public areas, even amidst a strong earthquake, according to ABC News.
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