Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi, 35, was one of a record 23 'veteran' players (aged 35 or over) to make a combined total of 83 starts - a World Cup record

Argentina won the World Cup for a third time with a dramatic penalty shoot-out victory over France.

After the conclusion of the first World Cup to be held in the winter, Gracenote looked at the trends from the next competition.

1. Most upsets for 64 years

There were 15 matches in the tournament that ended in upsets.

Saudi Arabia's win over Argentina on the third day of the tournament is a record for the competition.

The eliminations of Spain and Portugal in the last-16 and quarter-finals, as well as Croatia's win over Brazil, meant that 26% of games ended in upsets.

It's the highest percentage of shocks since Sweden in the 1960's.

If the winning team had less than 33.3% chance of winning over 90 minutes in the group phase or a maximum of 47% chance of eliminating their opponents in the knockout phase, there would be an upset.

15202224%
14200222%
12201019%
12201819%
11199017%
11199417%
10198616%
9195826%
8198216%
8200613%

2. Fewer shots...more goals

The number of shots at this year's tournament was the lowest since 2002, when Gracenote started recording the data.

The average number of shots taken during the match was more than twenty.

172 goals were scored in the tournament, the most since the tournament was expanded to 32 teams in 1998 and the most ever scored in a single World Cup.

The USA's 2.71 goals per match is the best in the world.

Five shy of the World Cup set in Russia four years ago, there were more than 100 different goals scored in the tournament.

More goals were scored from inside the penalty area in this year's competition than in any of the previous ones.

The vast majority of goals were scored from inside the penalty area.

Harry Kane penalty
England captain Harry Kane scored one penalty and missed another against France in the quarter-final

3. 'Cleanest' World Cup this century and more stoppage time

Gracenote says that the number of yellow cards handed out was the most since 2010 due to stricter refereeing.

The number of fouls fell for the fourth successive tournament to its lowest level this century, possibly because referees were encouraged to let play flow.

A total of 23 penalties were awarded at an average of 0.36 per match, but that was down on the World Cup in Russia, the first with Video Assistant Referee technology.

The amount of time spent on the field was a big talking point earlier in the tournament and matches lasted an average of 11 additional minutes.

The three penalties in the World Cup final contributed to a total of 23 in the tournament - not including shoot-outs
The three penalties in the World Cup final contributed to a total of 23 in the tournament - not including shoot-outs

4. Young guns

Teenagers started at the World Cup at a higher rate than ever before.

10 teenagers made 20 starts, including Jude Bellingham, a 19-year-old Englishman.

The record for most starts as a teenager is still held by Kylian Mbappe.

5. Ageing stars

It was more than just a year for the young players as the most veteran players started in the World Cup matches.

The total number of starts made by veteran players at the World Cup was 32 more than the previous record.

Croatia's Luka Modric and Argentina's Lionel Messi made seven starts each in the tournament.

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