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Video assistant referee causes controversy in the premier league but how are decisions made and are they correct

We take a look at the major incidents after each weekend to understand the process of VAR and the Laws of the Game.

The VAR decisions affected every club.

- VAR's wildest moments: Alisson's two red cards in one game

- VAR in the Premier League: Ultimate guide

The VAR audio was shared.

Manchester United 2-0 Tottenham

The VAR protocol led to the second goal.

Bruno Fernandes scored in the 69th minute after a delayed flag was thrown against Harry Kane.

Bruno Fernandes celebrates his goal against Newcastle United. Tom Purslow/Manchester United via Getty Images

This goal would not have been possible before the VAR. Kane was in an incorrect position when the ball was played in to him. As the assistant is supposed to keep his flag down until the end of the phase, play was allowed to continue.

The assistant raised his flag after David de Gea made the save from Kane. As Shaw carried the ball out of the area, the referee acknowledged the flag and allowed play to continue. The ball was in the back of the net a short time later.

When the cross was played to Kane, the flag would have been raised and the whistle blew. The attacking phase should be allowed to play out, and United fully embraced it.

The assistant flags Harry Kane offside, but play continues with advantage to Man United. BBC

Liverpool 1-0 West Ham United

The penalty was given for foul by Gomez.

In the 42nd minute, Joe Gomez challenged West ham United forward Jarrod Bowen after he chested the ball down inside. The referee played on.

The penalty was missed.

Gomez tried to win the ball with a high tackle from behind, not dangerously and clearly in an attempt to get to the ball first, but it was Bowen who chested it down.

The VAR can tell the referee he has missed a penalty if the referee believes Gomez touched the ball. The West Ham player was knocked to the ground by the force from Gomez.

A simple VAR review showed that the defender didn't get anything on the ball.

Jarrod Bowen is bundled over inside the area by Joe Gomez. BBC

Newcastle United 1-0 Everton

Foul on Gordon could result in a penalty.

Anthony Gordon went to ground after being challenged by Dan Burn in the 42nd minute of the game. The referee turned down the appeal for a Penalty.

There was no penalty.

There was contact between Burn and Gordon, but not enough to warrant a penalty kick or to be judged as simulation.

The similarity between this and Gomez is that the defender is off the ground and trying to win the ball when he brings down the West Ham forward.

There is a penalty for upper body contact without trying to win the ball if the referee has a full view of the incident, but there isn't enough for the VAR to intervene.

It's similar to the penalty claim that the Seagulls had at Manchester United on the first weekend of the season. The VAR didn't give a penalty, but it was a much stronger claim and one which should have been given.

Dan Burn challenges Anthony Gordon inside the area. BBC

Crystal Palace 2-1 Wolves

There is a chance of a penalty for Guehi's handball.

Nelson Semedo crossed into the box and the ball went off a man. The referee waved away Ruben Neves's appeal for a penalty.

There was no penalty.

The VAR, Lee Mason, did not advise a penalty kick because the ball may have grazed his arm. There is doubt over the conclusive evidence of the ball hitting the arm, but the decision was made by the VAR. When the ball crosses to him, his arm is in the same position as it was when it hit him.

The ball came off the knee of Marc Guehi and clipped his arm. NBC

It's difficult for supporters to understand the handball law when it comes to the movement of the arm. There are several exceptions to the IFAB's guidance, but there are different interpretations.

The hand/arm making the body unnaturally bigger should be the main factor for the game.

This can be overridden by: - Contact is a consequence of the player deliberately playing the ball with another part of the body (against himself/herself)

- The player's arm is already extended when there is no expectation of the ball coming at, or near, the player from a teammate

The VAR was used at West Ham earlier in the season when the ball came off a player's face and into his arm. There is an argument that the VAR shouldn't have been involved in the Cresswell incident because the West Ham player was not deliberately playing the ball, it hit him in the face and then hit a raised arm, and it's a grey area.

It doesn't mean that all contact off the player's body will cancel the offence, it just means that the position of the arm is more decisive.

When Lloyd Kelly turned his body into a shot from Neco Williams and the ball hit his hand, he was awarded a penalty by the referee. On Matchday 1 of theEuropa League group stage, Manchester United gave away a spot kick at home to Real Sociedad when Lisandro Martinez tried to block a shot, the ball rebounded off his leg and onto his arm. The VAR would almost certainly overturn the penalty in the premier league if the referee had made the correct decision.

Lisandro Martinez is penalised for handball despite the ball deflecting off his body. OLI SCARFF/AFP via Getty Images

The penalty conceded by FC Copenhagen against Manchester City last week and the disallowed goal by Rodri in the same game are examples of how strict the application is by the European governing body. Rangers conceded a penalty against Union St.-Gilloise when the ball came off a teammate's back and went into the net. Even though there is an exception in the law, it was still punished.

It's not an offence when the ball hits a defender's arm, according to the guidance that was issued in the summer of 2021. Being in a good position for a player's movement is not taken into account by the organization.

Bournemouth 0-1 Southampton

There is a chance of a penalty for Salisu's handball.

The ball hit the arm of Mohammed Salisu as he tried to block Junior Stanislas' cross. The referee did not rule on the penalties.

There was no penalty.

A player has his arm close to his body in an expected position for his body movement. Salisu doesn't have his arms raised from his body to create a barrier.

There is no chance that the VAR, Peter Bankes, will give a penalty for the ball hitting Salisu on the arm.

The ball hits the hand of Mohammed Salisu but it is clearly very close to his body. BBC

Sharing the VAR audio

It's againstFIFA's protocol for any league to broadcast VAR discussions live during games, and that doesn't seem likely to change anytime soon, but there are exceptions to share it for educational purposes.

The interview talks about how VAR works in MLS.

In Major League Soccer, every VAR call is analysed at the end of the week in the "Insider Video Review" At the end of the year, the head of MLS refs will move to the premier league.

Some people think the Australian A-League always broadcasts the audio during games, when in reality select incidents have been released the week before. Non-contentious incidents tend to be the ones that the audio tends to be for.

This happened again this week after Jordan Elsey was sent off against Perth Glory, though it was only for a second yellow card upgraded to a straight red, and a change from a free to kick a penalty.

The confusing process behind the decision doesn't help the fan understand what's happening.

A clear description of what is being reviewed, the possible outcomes, and the final advice are all shown in the video. No one would be able to guess.

🗣️"That's serious foul play."It's the audio that will help fans understand how a VAR turns a 🟨 into a 🟥 AND a penalty.

We have released the full audio of the conversation between VAR and the referee that saw Jordan Elsey dismissed on the weekend. pic.twitter.com/qR9oESOoNz

— Isuzu UTE A-League (@aleaguemen) October 20, 2022

There were reports at the beginning of the season that the audio would be shared by the league. It wouldn't be a surprise if we finally got to hear some audio, but don't expect it to be a high-profile incident.

It was too early to broadcast live, according to the referee designator.

The social football summit in Rome was told by Rocchi that those on the pitch and those off it must have adequate communication skills. Even though we're improving a lot, it's still taking time.

There's no secrets for the referees. The world would hear what happens on the pitch if there was a live broadcast.

Italian referees are working hard to communicate with everyone, but they are on a path of growth. I was unable to send a live audio today because the level is not adequate. We're doing a lot of training, in some cases it's hard to hold back because you risk limiting your freedom and it would become a problem in the future.

It depends on the results. We can't do as we please because we still need permission fromFIFA. When the time comes, it's important to be prepared.

The information was provided by the league.