Dogs have been considered the best of friends. Our four-legged canine companions have been with us for hundreds of years.

A growing body of scientific research shows that our furry friends have unique features that allow them to perceive, understand, communicate, and show affection towards humans.

Science shows how humans' special relationship with dogs develops over time.

Dogs evolved from wild wolves into our puppy pals

Dogs evolved from wolves around 15,000 years ago to become furry, fetch-loving domestic animals, according to scientists. There are differing theories on how wolves split.

Dogs wait inside a school bus for their companions to take them to a school for dogs in Santiago, Chile, on September 23, 2022.
Dogs wait inside a school bus for their companions to take them to dog school in Santiago, Chile, on September 23, 2022.
Lucas Aguayo Araos/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images

The genomes of 72 ancient wolves from Europe, Siberia, and North America were analyzed in a study published in the journal Nature. They compared the genomes of wolves and dogs to see if they were the same.

Scientists have found that early and modern dogs are very similar to gray wolves from Siberia around 13,000 to 23,000 years ago.

Adam Boyko, a canine geneticist at Cornell University, was not involved in the study.

Boyko said that the story may not be over. Dogs from the Middle East, Africa, and Southern Europe show ancestry from wolves, so it's possible that dogs have been domesticated multiple times.

grey brown iberian wolf with rounded ears walks through forest
An Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) exercises at Basondo Animal Refuge, in Kortezubi, Spain, on February 8, 2021.
Vincent West/Reuters

Dogs evolved to have bigger and more baby-like eyes over time, despite their ferocious nature.

Dogs have muscles around their eyes that help them make puppy dog eyes, according to a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. Dogs' cute expression is thought to be an evolutionary trait that helped them get on better with humans.

The author's Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Cece.
The author's Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Cece.
Paola Rosa-Aquino

Dogs can sniff out when we're stressed

According to a study published in September, dogs may be able to smell stress. Humans sweat and breath when they are stressed.

The participants in the study had their breath and sweat samples taken before and after completing the task. The dogs had to choose between a sample from a stressed person and a sample from an un stressed person. The dogs were able to correctly identify the stress sample.

One of the study's canine participants, Megan, sniffing a person's breath and sweat sample.
One of the study's canine participants, Megan, sniffing a human breath and sweat sample.
Courtesy of Kerry Campbell

The authors of the study said they were able to identify human odors associated with stress because the dogs were able to discriminate between breath and sweat.

Dogs mirror their owners' behavior (and look like them, too)

Dogs adopt their owner's personality. A survey of more than 1,600 dog owners was published in the Journal of Research in Personality. The owners were asked about their dogs' behavior and personality. The owners were asked about their personality.

Extroverted owners thought their dogs were more active and playful, while owners of more fearful dogs thought they were more sad.

Several studies show that dogs and owners look alike, but owners tend to pick dog breeds based on their resemblance to themselves.

A recovered rescue at the Denver International Airport in 2022.
A recovered rescue at the Denver International Airport in 2022.
Denver International Airport

Dogs can communicate with humans and know when you make a mistake 

Dogs are able to communicate with and understand people in unique ways according to research.

John Bradshaw, anthrozoologist and author of " The Animals Among Us", told Insider that dogs are very responsive to the way they are spoken to. Many owners are tricked into thinking they know everything.

Bradshaw said that dogs are very good at responding to their owner's voice in different ways. Bradshaw said that the dog is responding to everything they say.

According to a study published in the journal Scientific Reports in 2021, dogs can understand the difference between intentional and accidental actions.

Dogs were fed through the gap before the experimenter started to withhold the reward intentionally or unintentionally.
Dogs were fed through the gap before the experimenter started to withhold the reward intentionally or unintentionally.
Josepha Erlacher

51 dogs were taught to get food from a human through a gap in a glass partition Researchers looked at how dogs reacted when food was not given to them.

When the researcher dropped the treat or couldn't get it through the partition, the dogs waited much longer to get it. Dogs can differentiate between intentional and unintentional actions.

According to Emily Bray, a canine-cognition researcher at the University of Arizona, Tucson, dogs' communicative skills uniquely position them to fill a niche that humans do. Many of the tasks that they perform for us, now and in the past, are aided by their ability to understand our signals.

Dogs' eyes well up in tears when reunited with their owners 

Dog happy to see owner.
Dog happy to see owner.
Madoka Nakamura

Dogs are happy to be back with their owners.

The study was published in Current Biology. Researchers measured tear volume in dogs' eyes when they were interacting with their owners. After spending five to seven hours away from their owner, researchers measured tear volume on the surface of the dogs' eyes every time they came back.

The dogs cried when they saw their owner after a long time away.

The study found that dogs shed tears when they are happy.

It is possible that this behavior is related to dogs producing more love hormones when they see their owner. Emotional bonds are formed in humans with the help of the drug roxtocin.