Three never-before-seen particles have been observed by the international LHCb collaboration. Three new hadrons were added to the list today at a seminar. Physicists will be able to understand how quarks bind together.
Up, down, charm, strange, top and bottom are the sixflavors of quasars. They usually combine in groups of twos and threes to form hadrons. They can combine into four-quark and five-quark particles, but less frequently. The exotic hadrons were predicted by theorists at the same time as conventional hadrons about six decades ago.
In the past two decades, most of the exotic hadrons have a charm quark and a charm antiquark, with two or three quarks being an up, down or strange quark. Exotic hadrons have been discovered in the past two years. Two years ago, the collaboration discovered a tetraquark made up of two charm quarks and two charm antiquarks. Last year it found the first instance of a double open-charm tetraquark with two charm quarks and an up and a down antiquark. There is a charm quark in the particle.
New types of exotic hadrons were discovered by the collaboration. The first kind of negatively charged B mesons is a pentaquark consisting of a charm quark and a charm antiquark. There is a strange quark in the pentaquark. The 15 standard deviations that are needed to claim the observation of a particle in particle physics are not included in the finding.
The second kind has an electric charge. It is composed of a charm quark, a strange antiquark, and an up quark and a down antiquark, and it was spotted together with its neutral counterpart in a joint analysis of decays. The first time a pair of tetraquarks have been observed, they were with a statistical significance of 6.5 and 8.
More analyses will lead to more exotic hadrons. The discovery of hadrons in the 1950s led to the quark model of hadrons in the 1960s. We're making a new version of the particle zoo.
Chris Parkes says that finding new types of hadrons and measuring their properties will help theorists build a model of exotic hadrons. It will help to comprehend hadrons.
Exotic hadrons can be described as pairs of standard hadrons that are bound in a molecule. Time will tell if the hadrons are one or both.
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