The paper describes chemical analyses of vessels excavated from the Old City of Jerusalem. The artifacts were said to be from the Mamluks, a group of enslaved soldiers who fought the Crusaders in the Middle East.
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Stanica Aurel-Daniel, a research at ICEM Tulcea who was not affiliated with the research, wrote in an email to. The containers for Greek fire or grenades are still being used.
The vessels were from the 11th or 12th century. Chemicals indicative of medicine and oils were found in three of the vessels, but the fourth vessel contained a unique combination of plant-based oils, animal fat, and nitrates.
An explosion has two main components, a fuel and an oxidizer, as well as a vessel that applies pressure to allow the reaction to build pressure until it can cause an explosion, according to a researcher.
If the ingredients for the bombs are correct, it will help us understand the weapons of the Middle East. Black powder from China was not used in the weapons because they were developed in the Middle East.
Similar weapons were found nearly a century ago in Cairo, but the recent work found more nitrates, which they think were mixed together to make an oxidizer in the heart-shaped ceramic grenades. The researchers were able to confirm that the chemical cocktail on the pottery sherd was not black powder.
The 3-foot-long sword was found off Israel's coast.
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