A snowy egret forages in a salt marsh, Wednesday, May 11, 2022, in Parris Island, S.C. Salt marsh makes up more than half of the base's 8,000 acres (3,200 hectares), and the island's highest point, by the fire station, is just 13 feet (4 meters) above sea level. (AP Photo/Stephen B. Morton)
Natural occurring oyster reefs and salt marshes surrounding much of the Marine Corps Recruiting Depot, Wednesday, May 11, 2022, in Parris Island, S.C. The base has been working with environmental groups to secure funding for living shoreline projects, building up oyster reefs along the coast to strengthen the salt marsh that acts as a buffer to floods and hurricanes. (AP Photo/Stephen B. Morton)
A smaller scale replica of the Marine Corps War Memorial statue stands near the parade ground at the Marine Corps Recruiting Depot, Wednesday, May 11, 2022, in Parris Island, S.C. The threat of rising seas is encroaching upon one of America's most storied military installations, where thousands of recruits are molded into Marines each year. (AP Photo/Stephen B. Morton)
Marine Corps Recruiting Depot's new rifle ranges feature raised shooting platforms and concrete walls on three sides, Wednesday, May 11, 2022, in Parris Island, S.C. The threat of rising seas is encroaching upon one of America's most storied military installations, where thousands of recruits are molded into Marines each year. (AP Photo/Stephen B. Morton)
Natural occurring oyster reefs and salt marshes surrounding much of the Marine Corps Recruiting Depot, Wednesday, May 11, 2022, in Parris Island, S.C. The base has been working with environmental groups to secure funding for living shoreline projects, building up oyster reefs along the coast to strengthen the salt marsh that acts as a buffer to floods and hurricanes. (AP Photo/Stephen B. Morton)
Framed by Parris Island's iconic steam pipes, the newly constructed power station was elevated to withstand storm surge from hurricanes, Wednesday, May 11, 2022, in Parris Island, S.C. The Island is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, experts warn, with some scientists projecting that by the end of the century, three-quarters of the island could be flooded under daily high tides. (AP Photo/Stephen B. Morton)
Marine Corps Recruiting Depot Environmental Director, Maj. Marc Blair, right, speak with Natural Resources Manager John Holloway, Jr. in his office, Wednesday, May 11, 2022, in Parris Island, S.C. (AP Photo/Stephen B. Morton)
Natural occurring oyster reefs and salt marshes surrounding much of the Marine Corps Recruiting Depot, Wednesday, May 11, 2022, in Parris Island, S.C. The base has been working with environmental groups to secure funding for living shoreline projects, building up oyster reefs along the coast to strengthen the salt marsh that acts as a buffer to floods and hurricanes. (AP Photo/Stephen B. Morton)
Natural occurring oyster reefs and salt marshes surrounding much of the Marine Corps Recruiting Depot, Wednesday, May 11, 2022, in Parris Island, S.C. The base has been working with environmental groups to secure funding for living shoreline projects, building up oyster reefs along the coast to strengthen the salt marsh that acts as a buffer to floods and hurricanes. (AP Photo/Stephen B. Morton)
The newly constructed power station was elevated to withstand storm surge from hurricanes and other severe weather, Wednesday, May 11, 2022, in Parris Island, S.C. The Island is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, experts warn, with some scientists projecting that by the end of the century, three-quarters of the island could be flooded under daily high tides. (AP Photo/Stephen B. Morton)
A snowy egret forages in a salt marsh, Wednesday, May 11, 2022, in Parris Island, S.C. Salt marsh makes up more than half of the base's 8,000 acres (3,200 hectares), and the island's highest point, by the fire station, is just 13 feet (4 meters) above sea level. (AP Photo/Stephen B. Morton)

Thousands of recruits are molded into Marines each year on one of America's most storied military installations, where rising seas are encroaching on the salt marshes of South Carolina.

A Defense Department-funded resilience review noted last month that Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island is vulnerable to flooding, coastal erosion and other impacts of climate change. Some scientists think that by 2099, three-quarters of the island could be under water.

Military authorities are confident that they can keep the second oldest Marine Corps base intact.

The strategy is described by Maj. Blair as the art of the small, and he attributes it to the base's commanding general. It means things like raising a culvert that needs to be repaired, limiting development in low-lying areas, and adding floodproofing measures to firing range upgrades.

Building huge seawalls around the base or moving Marine Corps training away from the coast are some of the larger and more expensive solutions advocated by others.

It is a proving ground for Marines who have served in every major conflict since World War I. The rising sea is proving to be a big problem.

Salt marsh makes up more than half of the base, and the highest point by the fire station is just 13 feet above sea level. It is connected to the mainland by a road that is prone to flooding.

The low-lying areas on the island and the nearby Marine Corps air station already flood about ten times a year, and by the year 2050, the current flood-prone areas within both bases could experience tidal flooding more than 300 times annually and be underwater nearly 30 percent of the year.

Climate change has been acknowledged in military reports for decades as a threat to national security. A Pentagon document published last fall, after President Joe Biden ordered federal agencies to revise their climate resilience plans, says the Department of Defense now has a comprehensive approach to building climate-ready installations.

Flooding on roads, rising temperatures, and higher humidity limit the human body's ability to cool down with sweat, as day-to-day disruptions grow.

The hotter days could limit outdoor training. More than 500 people have suffered from heat stroke and heat exhaustion on the base in the last two years, making it one of the top ten U.S. military installations for heat illnesses.

Stephen Cheney, who was the commanding general at the base from 1999 to 2001, said that all the training could be done somewhere else.

The government needs to invest in structural solutions to protect its crucial components, such as the firing ranges near the water, because there is no appetite in Congress for closing the base and moving the mission to less risky ground, Cheney said in an interview with The Associated.

Spending millions to build seawalls would be cheaper than rebuilding the base after a devastating storm.

In the last five years, the island has been evacuated twice for hurricanes, which hit South Carolina every eight years, on average, but it has so far been spared the direct hits that have caused billions in damage to other military installations.

Camp Lejeune in North Carolina was damaged by Hurricane Florence, washing away the beach used by Marines for training. Hurricane Michael tore through Tyndall Air Force Base in Florida, causing $3 billion in damage.

Cheney believes that the disasters should be cautionary tales. There is no plan to raise buildings all at once, no plan to dramatically change the post's visual character, and no plan to build a concrete seawall.

The director of installations and logistics at the depot said that Hurricane planning is focused on protecting life and preserving equipment.

Truax said that they are not taking on any major projects because they have not experienced a major threat.

The communities just off the base are very resilient. The only road on and off the island should be shoring up, as well as elevating buildings and bolstering the storm water system, according to a study funded by the Defense Department.

The base works with environmental groups to support living shoreline projects and build up coastal oyster reefs.

Blair, the environmental director, said that the waters will recede.

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