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The head of the Ukrainian Center for Civil Liberties, Oleksandra Matviichuk, joined Yahoo News National Reporter Garin Flowers to discuss the allegations of rampant sexual violence, including rape, inflicted upon Ukrainian civilians by Russian forces. Due to the ongoing conflict, lack of training for first responders and a reluctance on the part of victims, it is difficult to investigate a very specific crime.

Yahoo News explains. See the latest.

Russia's air force was expected to blow away the Ukrainian forces in the opening days of the invasion. Russian warplanes could pick off targets at will, leaving the military completely vulnerable.

That hasn't happened.

Russia has not established air supremacy over large swaths of Ukraine despite having the world's second-largest air force. According to the New York Times, the U.S. Defense Department says that Ukraine continues to fly its own fighters and attack Russian troops.

A pair of Russian Su-35 fighter jets fly in the sky.
A pair of Russian Su-35 fighter jets fly in the sky in Russia, Sunday, Nov. 28, 2021. (Russian Defense Ministry Press Service via AP)

Russia's air force has been timid, as Ukraine's anti-air defenses remain a formidable threat. Man-portable air-defense systems, or MANPADS, like the U.S.-made Stinger missile, have been used by NATO countries to flood Ukraine. The system can be fired by a single operator.

The Western supplies of MANPAD and other types of air defense systems allowed Ukraine to increase and improve its capabilities, according to a Russian armed forces expert.

William Alberque, the director of strategy, technology and arms control for the International Institute for Strategic Studies, told Yahoo News that Ukraine was able to effectively distribute these air defenses so it became too dangerous for Russian combat flights.

Two service members, from behind, wear camouflaged helmets and fatigues. One holds a shoulder-mounted surface-to-air missile as they face toward a lone plane against white clouds in a blue sky.
U.S. Marine Corps Cpl. Joshua English, left, and Lance Cpl. Griffin Rose, both low altitude air defense gunners with 3d Low Altitude Air Defense Battalion, 1st Marine Aircraft Wing, provide surface-to-air defense using the FIM-92 Stinger during an exercise on Ie Shima, Okinawa, Japan, March 16, 2021. (Lance Cpl. Ujian Gosun/U.S. Marine Corps)

NATO countries have 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556 888-269-5556. Slovakia donated its Soviet-era, S-300 long-range air defense system to Ukraine.

Russia has been hampered by lackluster weapons systems. Russian pilots are unable to quickly locate and engage targets on the ground, and missiles launched into Ukraine often miss their targets, according to U.S. officials.

Russian stocks of precision-guided munitions are smaller than NATO's. Oliver Alexander, a security analyst, said that Russia is forced to use dumb bombs because of their lack of precision-guided weapons.

In this photo provided by the Russian Defense Ministry Press Service on Feb. 14, a MiG-31 fighter of the Russian air force takes off at an air base during a military drill in Tver region, Russia. (Russian Defense Ministry Press Service via AP)

Russia's failure to establish air superiority is not solely due to technology. Russia's air doctrine has been poorly thought out and executed from the beginning of the war.

They thought it would be over quickly, with a complete Ukrainian collapse at first contact and Zelensky either captured or fleeing. The Russian military would have done a lot differently and their air power would be much more devastating if the Kremlin had predicted Ukrainian resilience.

Alberque said that the Russian military command wanted to keep the Ukrainian infrastructure after the war because they wanted to control the country.

Russian air force's Sukhoi Su-25SM jets leave trails of smoke in colors of the national flag over the GUM department store during a rehearsal for the Victory Day military parade in Moscow, Russia, May 7, 2021. (Pavel Golovkin/AP)

The University of St. Andrew's professor of strategic studies and a retired Royal Air Force air marshal wrote an essay about the failures of the Russian air force. The Russian military struggles to use air doctrine because it is wedded to being a traditional land power with massive reserves of soldiers at its disposal, according to the essay.

The Russian air force was incapable of running a well-thought-out, complex campaign after the invasion started. It has followed the traditional tactics of a continental power that privileges land forces.

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How are Ukrainian forces taking out so many Russian tanks? Use this embed to learn about some of the weapons systems the U.S. is sending to the Ukrainian army.

See more Yahoo Immersive Stories.
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